a. 2 You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. c. Africa. d. Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it. We sometimes think of our relationships with others at the individual level and sometimes at the group level. Which of the following statements concerning workers' compensation is NOT correct? Scientists today dispute the theory that races have significant genetic differences. You can see that these social categorizations may create some potential for misperception, and perhaps even hostility. d. The majority of teen magazines for girls focus on self and career development more than on What term would be used to characterize her argument? Which of the following minority groups is the largest? Which ethical theory, if any, would agree with the following statement: There are some actions that are inherently wrong because they violate a moral rule, no matter what the consequences are.. Research suggests that we are more easily influenced by an attractive speaker than by an unattractive speaker. c. hostile; modern One day, the power goes out. Asymmetric search of individuating information about stereotyped group members. b. This is an example of Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. In this sense, the stereotypes are at least partly true for many of the members of the social category, in terms of their actual behaviors. Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. c. teachers and fathers were a frequent source of discouraging remarks about girls' academic d. On the other hand, sometimes these beliefs are negative, and they create negative self-fulfilling prophecies such that we perform more poorly just because of our knowledge about the stereotypes. use of beauty products. d. laws granting relief from discrimination and segregation, beginning in the 1950s, Industrial development in the North of the United States, combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South, produced a progressive movement of _______ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century. Imagine, however, that as the conversation continues, Sarah brings up an assignment that she is completing for her womens studies class. d. pluralism. A basic prediction of social categorization theory is that . Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. Review the ways that stereotypes influence our behavior. White men performed more poorly on a math test when they were told that their performance would be compared with that of Asian men (Aronson, Lustina, Good, Keough, & Steele, 1999), and Whites performed more poorly than Blacks on a sport-related task when it was described to them as measuring their natural athletic ability (Stone, 2002). Race can be understood as a classification system that assigns individuals and groups to categories that are ranked or hierarchical. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). QUICKBOOKSADVANCE EXAM SECTION 1. Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge. Steve's attitude is an example of Experiments in intergroup discrimination. c. Mrs. Jane Collins-Sullivan In media guides, both female and male athletes are more likely to be shown in passive, nonathletic c. wicked 1 affective c. Latin Americans On the other hand, we sometimes categorize others not because it seems to provide more information about them but because we may not have the time (or the motivation) to do anything more thorough. ), Prejudice, discrimination and racism (pp. This finding is most consistent with: (Eds.). This statement best reflects: I think you would agree that you are more likely to categorize yourself as a member of your college or university when your basketball or football team has just won a really important game, or at your commencement day ceremony, than you would on a normal evening out with your family. B. practicing discrimination Southern European Americans b. more agentic than traditionally titled women. I used this code when statements . Southern and Eastern Europe. Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is CORRECT? a. new immigrant groups assume the attitudes and language of the dominant community. c. have increased use of sexual imagery in recent years. In several forms of media men are more likely than women to be depicted in work-related Use the purchases journal from the previous exercise. The representation also includes one image (or exemplar) of a particular college professor whom the student knows. Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2003). Race and ethnicity shape internal and external perceptions of a group. c. The media tend to portray Latinas in low-status occupations. c. Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general rather than a particular personality type. b. working-class women are perceived more negatively than are middle-class women. If Franklin treats an individual differently than he normally would because of characteristics the individual shares with a certain group, then Franklin is __________. b. c. Although adults apply gender stereotypes to children, these stereotypes are different from the b. Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes. Brian believes that gender discrimination is no longer a problem in society. New York, NY: Doubleday. d. Jennifer Lee, Who argued that by the 1980s the economic conditions of Blacks had become central to their life chances? Other indirect measures of prejudice are also frequently used in social psychological research, for instanceassessing nonverbal behaviors such as speech errors or physical closeness. Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. Although the meaning of the IAT has been debated (Tetlock & Mitchell, 2008), research using implicit measures does suggest thatwhether we know it or not, and even though we may try to control them when we canour stereotypes and prejudices are easily activated when we see members of different social categories (Barden, Maddux, Petty, & Brewer, 2004). For example, if asked "how many . Most people do not want to admiteither to themselves or to othersthat they hold stereotypes or that they are prejudiced toward some social groups. d. a and b, Older women who appear on TV are often depicted: When a minority member experiences a microaggression, they Simplify the answer when possible . True involvement In 2019, approximately 53.6 million metric tons of electronic and electric waste (e-waste) was generated globally, and according to some estimations the annual amount of e-waste will exceed 74 million metric tons by 2030 (Forti et al., 2020: 23).Branded as a solution, the circular economy promises to "design out" waste and keep products and materials in circulation through optimized . ______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry. c. scapegoating The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. In most aspects of his life, however, being Scottish American has no meaningful impact on his day-to-day life. 13 percent; 3 percent c. Middle Easterners are white and North Africans are nonwhite. Gender stereotyping research that focused on social class has found that: a. there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women. And John and Sarah may even change their opinions about each other, forgetting that they really like each other as individuals, because they are now responding more as group members with opposing views. 2 It is deliberate and conscious. Furthermore, the categories are arranged such that the responses to be answered with the left and right buttons either fit with (match) the stereotype or do not fit with (mismatch) the stereotype. b. d. She became partner and was awarded financial compensation for lost wages. a. stress the importance of improving one's physical attractiveness through diet, exercise and Brown, R. (1995). Making things even more difficult, stereotypes are strongest for the people who are in most need of changethe people who are most prejudiced (Lepore & Brown, 1997). A. social inequality d. Latin America or Asia. Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. It has been argued that there is a kernel of truth in most stereotypes, and this seems to be the case. f(x)=x28x+20f(x)=\sqrt{x^2-8x+20} c. "The average student does his homework every night." b. c. less communal than traditionally titled women. In Y. T. Lee, L. J. Jussim, & C. R. McCauley (Eds. As you can see in Figure 12.4 Perceptual Accentuation, the experiment involved having research participants judge the length of six lines. a. color blindness is a means of maintaining racial equality. a. ageism If we believe that women are bad drivers and we see a woman driving poorly, then we tend to remember it, but when we see a woman who drives particularly well, we tend to forget it. Of course, using social categories will only be informative to the extent that the stereotypes held by the individual about that category are accurate. b. women under age 35; women over age 35 1.) There are two rival pet stores located across the street from each other. b. Joe Feagin d. all of the above, Social Psychology-Chapter 7 (Conceptual/Appli. d. prejudice. c. 35 For instance, when a math task is described as diagnostic of intelligence, Latinos and particularly Latinas perform more poorly than do Whites (Gonzales, Blanton, & Williams, 2002). c. A federal judge concluded that gender-based stereotyping had played a role in Price C. The point at which sales revenue equals contribution margin. A company uses the indirect method to determine its cash flows from operating activities. Physical environment. In R. V. Kail (Ed. Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argues that Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. b. most whites are above racism and incapable of perpetuating discrimination. c. Cuba Butz, D. A., & Plant, E. A. Calibrating prejudice in milliseconds. Stereotyping others is simply unfair. In K. R. Wenzel & A. Wigfield (Eds. Greenberg, J., Martens, A., Jonas, E., Eisenstadt, D., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2003). Outgroup homogeneity occurs in part because we dont have as much contact with outgroup members as we do with ingroup members, and the quality of interaction with outgroup members is often more superficial. In addition to learning less about them because we see and interact with them less, we routinely categorize outgroup members, thus making them appear more cognitively similar (Haslam, Oakes, & Turner, 1996). One difficulty in measuring stereotypes and prejudice is that people may not tell the truth about their beliefs. Ambivalent sexism refers to the combination of: d. Racism resides in the individual conscience only. c. serve to maintain the power imbalance between women and men. c. Cuban Americans a. b. unintelligent This example illustrates that, A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as. Define superordinate goals and explain how they help in increasing cooperation when there is conflict among individuals. John is expressing his opinions, and Sarah is expressing hers. a. the Whorfian hypothesis. c. Irish Americans Which of these four statements about self-report measures of attitude are correct? Which statement is most consistent with the textbook's conclusions about race? The term psychologists use for how physically close two people are to each other is ________. (2002). Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving womens math performance. Sechrist, G. B., & Stangor, C. (2001). Once the participants are convinced that the researcher is able to assess their true attitudes, it is expected that they will be more honest in answering the rest of the questions they are asked because they want to be sure that the researcher does not catch them lying. How can cognitive dissonance help to reduce unconsciously prejudiced or discriminatory behavior? Describe the fundamental process of social categorization and its influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. 1 We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. One prejudices can be influenced by one's emotional state. Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. diffusion of ability, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds. A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. a. more favorably than older men Once we believe that men make better leaders than women, we tend to behave toward men in ways that makes it easier for them to lead. The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. c. Cubans stereotyping? Subaccounts provide more detail on accounts in reports in a simple and straightforward way You can collapse or expand each group of accounts on reports, depending on the arrow direction next to the group Subaccount balances appear indented under the parent account on reports Subaccounts do not count . a. interpersonal racism. father but has decided to withhold the diagnosis from his mother for as long as possible. 2 pages. False. Alleviating womens mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements. 3 We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. d. projecting. The participants were shown the list of all the statements that had been made, along with the pictures of each of the discussion group members, and were asked to indicate who had made each of the statements. c. segregation. b. He wants to move to Canada and become a permanent citizen. c. spotlighting C) The more complex the category, the less likely we are to use prototype theory. The participants tended to agree about what traits were true of which groups, and this was true even for groups of which the respondents were likely to never have met a single member (Arabs and Russians). Alter, A. L., Aronson, J., Darley, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Ruble, D. N. (2010). c. There is no such thing as racial microaggressions. d. Neither of the above, The birth congratulations card study found that c. racializing. 12.1 Social Categorization and Stereotyping Learning Objectives Describe the fundamental process of social categorization and its influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Ethnicity bases classification on physical features. Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. d. The more extensive the changes associated with the event, the less the stress. c. Segregation In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, gender disadvantages are more significant than racism. This process of categorization is known as ______ is the model of ethnic integration that exists in Switzerland. a. Mrs. Jane Sullivan c. patterns of discrimination are easily fixed by individuals. . Ethnicity bases classification on physical features. More than three-quarters of the nearly 59 million immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from Experiencing prejudice can lead one to demonstrate behaviors that reinforce a stereotype. Which of the following statements concerning minority groups is true? materials And when we are distracted or under time pressure, these tendencies become even more powerful (Stangor & Duan, 1991). c. the biological inferiority of blacks In 2013, ______ of Americans eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds supported interracial marriage. d. often understand it as a compliment, since it is often meant as a compliment. a. Polarized appraisals of out-group members. 1 "I did a good job because I'm smart." D. scapegoating, One of the issues that makes categorization a difficult prejudice to overcome is that it is often __________. a. intelligence Which of the following would be an example of a situational attribution? Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., & Brewer, M. B. 15 pages. a. boys and girls were equally likely to be shown performing physical activities. Schaller, M., & Conway, G. (1999). These beliefs just seem right and natural, even though they are frequently distorted overgeneralizations (Hirschfeld, 1996; Yzerbyt, Schadron, Leyens, & Rocher, 1994). C) Social categorization is an automatic and unconscious process. a. unmarried women. Perceiving outgroup members as unresponsive: Implications for approach-related emotions, intentions, and behavior. Social Cognition, 21(3), 167193. (2003). Furthermore, he argues that women are getting too many breaks in job hiring and that qualified men are the targets of discrimination. c. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, class disadvantages are more significant than racism.